powered by FreeFind	Beth She'an (Scythopolis) 300 pictures     6 minutes HQ video Settlement of Beth She'an first began in the fifth millennium B.C. on the Tel rising to the south of the Harod River, in the heart of a fertile area enjoying an abundance of water and located on a major crossroads. Scythopolis In the Late Canaanite period (16th-12th centuries B.C), the city became the seat of Egyptian rule. The Israelite tribes did not succeed in conquering Canaanite Beth She'an. After the battle waged at Mt. Gilboa, the Philistine lords of Bet She'an displayed the bodies of Saul and his sons on the city walls. The city was later taken by King David along with Megiddo and Ta'anach, becoming the administrative center of the region during King Solomon's reign. The site was destroyed in 732 B.C., with the conquest of the northern part of the country by the Assyrian king, Tiglat-Pilesser III. During the Hellenistic period, the city known as Nysa-Scythopolis was founded on this spot. Local lore has it that Dionysos, the god of wine, buried his nurse Nysa here, and subsequently settled the region with Scythians from among his followers. At the end of the 2nd century B.C. the city fell to the Hasmoneans. Its gentile residents were exiled and the city's population became predominantly Jewish. The city was once again dominated by gentiles following the Roman conquest in 63 B.C. As one of the ten cities of the Decapolis, it became the most important city in northern Israel. During the revolt against the Romans in 66 A.D., the city's Jewish residents were murdered by their gentile neighbors. Under Roman rule, when the population consisted of pagans, Jews and Samaritans, the city thrived and expanded, with magnificent public buildings going up, engraved with inscriptions and adorned with statues. In the Byzantine period, Bet She'an became largely Christian, its population reaching 30,000-40,000. A wall was erected around the city, with churches and monasteries near it. In the aftermath of the Arab conquest, the city steadily declined in prominence and the number of its inhabitants dwindled. A severe earthquake in 749 A.D. devastated the city. The name Scythopolis was forgotten and the place became known as Beisan. A rural settlement was built at the site during the Abbasid period. During the Medieval period, the settlement was concentrated in the city's southern part, and during the Crusader period, a fortress was put up to the east of the destroyed amphitheater. Under Ottoman rule, Beisan remained a small settlement. Theater Built in the 1st century A.D., the 7,000-seat theater seen today is the product of renovations carried out at the end of the 2nd century. It continued to function throughout the Byzantine period. The theater had three tiers of seating, of which only the lowermost was preserved intact. Rising behind the stage was a 20-meter scaenae frons - an elaborate backdrop wall, comprising a row of imported granite and marble columns adorned by ornate capitals, a richly decorated entablature and statues. Western Bathhouse This Byzantine bathhouse, covering around 9 dunams, contains hot and tepid bathing halls, with a heating system (hypocaust). Its walls were coated with colored plaster and its floors were paved with marble slabs and mosaics. The main structure opens on all sides onto rooms and exedras. Frequent changes made to the building, with the funding of the province's governors, are documented in Greek dedicatory inscription. "Palladius Street" The 150-meter long colonnaded street crossed the city from the slopes of the Tel to the theater. Originally built during the Roman period, the street was renovated at the beginning of the Byzantine period. On its northwest side is a covered portico which opens onto a row of shops whose facade was faced with marble. A dedicatory inscription from the 4th century found in the portico mosaic, recounts the construction of the portico in the days of Palladius, governor of the province. Thus the road came to be named Palladius Street by excavators. On the opposite side of the street, a two-story row of shops was erected on an ancient foundation from the Roman period. Sigma A semicircular concourse of the Byzantine period, referred to as the Sigma in an inscription found at the site, surrounded by rooms opening onto it. Several of these rooms were paved with colored mosaics displaying geometric, plant and animal motifs as well as Greek inscriptions. One mosaic medallion depicts Tyche, guardian goddess of the city, wearing a crown of city walls and holding a cornucopia. Byzantine Agora A concourse surrounded by porticoes at the center of the city, built in the Byzantine period, which served as a commercial center. The western portico is paved with mosaics depicting animals. Roman Temple The semicircular temple, built in the 2nd century CE and destroyed during the Byzantine period, was in the classical style, The structure's adornments, imposing in size and ornate in style, were found collapsed nearby. Its facade consisted of four columns surmounted by capitals, supporting an ornamented gabled roof to a height of about 15 meters. Two collapsed columns were found in the ruins left by the earthquake of 749 CE. Northern Street A colonnaded street of the Roman period, leading to the northwest city gate. A staircase ascended from the street to the Tel, which served as the Acropolis of the city. On the other side was a resplendent passage to a large Roman compound, surrounded by columns (a temple). During the Byzantine period, most of the columns were taken down and a public building paved with mosaics was erected on the spot. Tel Bet She'an - " The Fortress Mound" Some twenty settlement strata were uncovered on the Tel, the most ancient dating from the Neolithic period (5th millennium B.C.) and the most recent, from medieval times. Discovered among the remains of the walled Canaanite city were five temples, one constructed on top of the other, public and residential buildings, a governor's house and basalt monuments with inscriptions from the period of Egyptian rule. A citadel as well as residential and administrative buildings erected by kings of Israel were destroyed in the Assyrian conquest. The Tel was resettled during the Hellenistic period. A temple of Zeus, some of whose column drums and Corinthian capitals can be seen, was built in the Roman period. During the Byzantine period, a round church was constructed on the summit, and in the Medieval period the Tel was surrounded by a wall. The top of the Tel provides a vantage point over the city and its surroundings. "Valley Street" and the Central Monument The street was paved during the Roman period along the valley of Nahal Amal, leading from the center of the city to the northeast gate. Next to the junction, opposite Valley Street, is the Central Monument - a platform decorated with niches on which stood marble columns. Covered sidewalks and stores were built on both sides of the street. The street's colonnades collapsed in the earthquake, and a residential quarter was built over them during the Abbasid period. "Silvanus Street" Originally, the street was a Roman road flanked on one side by a monumental colonnade. A marble-reveted pool was built parallel to the road. During the Byzantine period, this Roman road was overlaid by a new street, and a new hall was erected on top of the pool, its ceiling supported by the colonnade. This street was named "Silvanus Street" by the excavators after a lawyer named Silvanus, mentioned in inscriptions as having been involved in the hall's construction. In the Early Muslim period, this hall fell into disuse, and was replaced by stores fronted by a portico of columns and arches. The earthquake of 749 CE leveled columns and structures along the street. A segment of the stores' facade has been restored and reconstructed, but the portico's arches still lie in the heap of ruins. Back to Israel Index